The talks with the producers should start in the next few days. She explained that the question of whether the pharmaceutical companies could provide an additional supply of vaccine without an amplifier substances. The experts had decided the health ministries of countries.

“Our goal is to improve the early detection of breast cancer and to develop further therapeutic practice with which we are already able to fight small tumors before metastases occur,” says Werner Emperor of the tasks in the fight against breast cancer, which remains one of the causes of death among women. The method is significantly more accurate than those used in the screening X-ray mammography. “Women have a right to honest information, because the X-ray mammography misses many cancers at an early stage,” Kaiser prior to the beginning now MRM Congress in Jena.

During and after nursing the child needs to rest. The baby should be fed in a possible allergy-free environment, said the midwife. Because otherwise it would possibly be so excited that the food does not keep. Spits a child after each meal, a precaution should the children and young doctor.

During pregnancy, alcohol is the leading cause of physical and mental impairments in children. But studies show that drinking 12 to 15 percent of expectant mothers once or several times a month alcohol. It should be fully considered an absolute renunciation of alcohol, “said BZgA director Elisabeth Pott.

For gynecologists and midwives, the Federal Center has developed a counseling approach. It helps professionals to recognize when they provide advice and better medical screening to determine whether pregnant women avoid careless and risky alcohol. With the concept of Alcohol in pregnancy “women should be helped to behave abstinent and not backsliding.

The study involved 32 women attended who suffered from MS and 29 healthy pregnant women in that age group. The women were interviewed before and after the birth of their children at regular intervals to their medical history, her menstrual cycle and their Stillgewohnheiten. In the MS-affected women made also neurological examinations to assess the course of the disease to be able to.

87% of women who had not breast fed their children in the two months after birth, or in addition to breast feeding zufütterten a MS attack. By contrast, only 36% of women who breast fed for at least two months suffered a worsening of the disease. The study participants who had decided against breast feeding, based their decision largely to the fact that they continue with their MS therapy would no longer currency out. During pregnancy and lactation should not be taken with certain medications because adverse effects are expected on the child.

The study authors suggest that the beneficial effect of breast feeding is the MS-course with the absence of the rule in these women in context. One of the accurate backgrounds such as hormonal or immunological mechanisms, processes, which could favorably influence the disease , but the scientists are able to make any clear statements. The results suggest, however, encourage MS-ill women to breast feed after birth and to examine the exact relationship in further studies. “

Trigger premature birth

Premature labor is always a danger signal, even if they are not associated with pain or bleeding, and only “somewhat draining the amniotic fluid. It is felt the belly as hard and firm like a bullet. Causes a threat of premature birth:

Vaginal infections (approximately 40%, often associated with rupture of membranes)

* Signals from the unborn child (a result of a shortage)

* Placental disorders (malformation, nicotine)

* Multiple pregnancy () for Treatment of infertility

* Alcohol, nicotine and drug use

* Negativstress, distress and strain

In any case, gynecologist / doctor should be consulted immediately, to be (through in-depth examination of the vagina, and ultrasound and the control of the cervix and the cervix is still closed, and this is not shortened? Clarify) and by ultrasound the risk. An examination of the vaginal flora on the pH and bacteria wehenauslösende gives hints of a possible therapy.

As the medical interventions like?

Often prove premature labor as a false alarm. However you can be a matter of physical protection, strict bed rest for weeks and months, and a hospital stay. Stationary are the infusion wehenhemmender drugs (Tokolytika) – often in combination with muscle-relaxing magnesium – the drugs of choice. Common Tokolytika but have more or less marked side effects such as difficulty breathing, palpitations and tremor. Betamethasone is responsible for the maturation of the still unfinished child – for example, his lungs – before the 35th Week of pregnancy is necessary. Every day in the womb is important to refrain from mechanical ventilation or the incubation of premature infants can. Also not present in the vagina, vaginal infection is acidified to the milieu had prevented the lives of germs. Threatened preterm delivery because of maternal or childhood exposure (growth arrest, hypertension, toxemia) of pregnancy must be actively terminated. The best chance to have children that are released in a perinatal center. Always the maturity of the premature baby is vital if the opportunities for future development of the child will be assessed and the parents want a doctor’s prognosis. Thanks to the progress of obstetrics and neonatal intensive care premature babies have a good chance not only to survive, but make up for the lagging. However, approximately one third of, which bears the very early preterm infants with less than 1,500 grams in, weight long-term damage and disability.

The psyche is pregnant

In many cases, can not explain why there babies with birth so hurry. The effects of maternal stress, anxiety and strain play a special role, because the unborn baby is suffering with. Within seconds, the stress hormones of the mother through the placenta and then urge the effect their own stress hormones of the child. With repeated exposure, the risk of preterm delivery is significantly increased. New studies show that pregnant women suffer, who feel secure in a harmonious partnership, less premature births. Other hand, pregnant women wear underneath partnership tensions, existential and lack of love at higher risk. Expectant mothers who are living in isolation as most vulnerable.

Older mothers have more premature births?

The late-pregnant women “from 35 are assigned risks that require special attention and care. However, numerous studies show that the risk of prematurity, is seen very differently. It is difficult for the research, statements about a complex event such as premature birth on the single factor relate to maternal age. In some studies preterm birth occurs more frequently in women from 35, while others stress that older primiparae have a good chance to bring healthy children into the world on time. It is said that was slightly elevated in teenage pregnancies, the prematurity.

Preparedness in their own hands

The elimination of alcohol (even in small quantities), nicotine and drugs is the basis of self-managing prevention. The change in lifestyle includes a healthy diet with food by folic acid, iodine and Ormega-3-fatty acids and the daily fluid intake of 2 liters of fruit or herbal tea Black (Not suitable), water and juices. Two cups of coffee mean no risk. Regular rest periods and adequate sleep is as crucial as custom motion. A professional activity during pregnancy is not an obstacle, however, should be dispensed with physically demanding work and prolonged standing (more than three hours) on shift work. Participation in prenatal care helps prevent premature births. Thus, the number was pregnant, the more than ten times – as recommended – visited the gynecologist at 1.8%. In pregnant women who took less frequent screening in the claim, the prematurity rate was 14.9%. Helpful in the private provision is the so-called disposable glove with a finger placed on pH paper. Hereby, the pregnant woman can test the pH of the vagina and if the paper is discolored immediately make an appointment with her gynecologist, before it comes to bacterial vaginosis or preterm birth.

The doctors provide the professional association of gynecologists with the actions of prenatal care and monitoring their opportunities in the prevention of preterm birth. They support the ownership and to advise the pregnant woman.

The on-line therapy consists of ten writing assignments that are done over a period of five weeks. In the first phase dealing with the loss of the participants, explained the psychotherapist, who developed the project. In the second phase, they write a supporting letter to an imaginary friend who has experienced the same thing. Thus, a new perspective should be taken on the loss. In the third phase involves a reactivation of a social network.

Therapy has a lasting positive

The offer has been around since approximately one and a half years now, the evaluation results were presented. A total of 52 women and two men participated in the treatment. With regard to the sadness, the traumatic experience, the general psychological distress, depression and anxiety as it was the participants after the therapy was significantly better than before, the UKM. Even three months after completion of treatment the condition of the participants was as stable as directly after the therapy.

It is customary that the weight loss after pregnancy in the months after the birth takes place only gradually. Excessive efforts to loose weight like dieting should not be sought during lactation. An unilateral change in diet and too much physical activity can adversely effect the quality and quantity of breast milk, “warns the gynecologist.

To build the weight within six months does not appreciably by itself, may, after breast-feeding a balanced low-calorie diet and physical activity contributes much to it. Basically, it is advantageous for mothers to seek the weight before pregnancy, if it was normal again. Women, who have lost the bulk of the increase in pregnancy weight, not a half of a year after giving birth, have a greater risk of developing long-term weight problems. In another pregnancy itself can exacerbate the problem then, “says gynecologist. Weight problems after birth can prevent most, if care is taken during pregnancy at a normal increase.

In medicine, events which occur during pregnancy, are when prenatal (before birth), in events during the birth as perinatally and after the birth as postnatal (all phrases from the Latin).

Etymology

The word “pregnant” comes from Old High German swangar (from westgermanisch swangra-), since 8 is Century after Christ and undetectable means “clumsy” or “serious”. Central and neuhochdeutsch wrote swanger.

Pregnancy duration and the course

The pregnancy lasts from conception to birth an average of 267 days. Typically, the duration of the pregnancy, however, from the first day of last menstrual period, since this is often the first reference size, and pregnancy in weeks (SSW) indicated. Fertilization then takes place usually in the second SSW, and is usually through sexual intercourse between a man and a woman.

The effect from the first day of the last menstrual calculated average pregnancy lasts about 280 days or 40 weeks is Traditionally, the duration of pregnancy in months. In this context, are often still moon-months (at 28 days) is used, the pregnancy lasts for 10 lunar months or 9 calendar months. There is also the division into 3 parts to 3 months (trimester or quarter), or every 13 weeks of pregnancy. The most likely birth date is usually after the Naegelschen rule from the first day of the last menstruation and the duration of the menstrual cycle. In industrialized countries, particularly in the early stages of pregnancy, the actual progress of the pregnancy using ultrasound examinations verified.

Exact dates are calculated for only four percent of the children to the world, within one week to the expected date of around 26 percent, and within three weeks by the expected date of 66 percent. With a birth before the 37th Week of pregnancy is called a premature birth.

Determining pregnancy

The beginning of pregnancy can in various ways are found. The most common natural signs of pregnancy are the lack of menstruation, urination, and morning sickness. Often, a different pregnancy test used to demonstrate the hormones caused by the developing placenta is produced.

In contrast to the apparent distinction is made between pregnancies uncertain, probable and safe pregnancy signs. The absence of menstrual bleeding and nausea are signs unsafe pregnancy, a pregnancy test on the measurement of the concentration of the “pregnancy hormone (HCG hormone) in blood or urine is considered likely, but not safe pregnancy signs. Considered safe to have children’s fruit, eg on sonography, listening to heart sounds or feeling of fetal movements.

Overview

Five to seven days after fertilization, the nests Keimblase blastocyst in the uterus. From about the fifth week the heart begins to beat. From the seventh week the embryo responds to stimuli from outside. In the fourth month, the institution training ended, and the fetus begins to grow. In the fifth month, the first movements of the mother felt. The fetus can taste, reacts to cold, pain, pressure and sound. In the seventh month the fetus doubled his weight, weigh about a kilogram and measuring 34 cm. The child weighs with amniotic fluid and womb 3 p.m. to 6 a.m. kg. In the ninth month the baby is born. It then weighs about 3.4 kilograms on average.

1. Trimester

In the first trimester the fetus is developing very rapidly. For the mother, the beginning of the pregnancy with very large associated hormonal changes, which are about 70% of those affected to some very strong leads nausea, but in the further course of pregnancy usually sets again. Since most Moves up to 12 weeks of pregnancy occur, it is up to that time often depend on the pregnancy announcement waived.

SSW 1-4 (1st month): Fertilization and implantation

The most commonly during sexual intercourse or insemination into the vagina sperm came wandering through the uterus (womb) to the vial of the oviduct. There, they meet on the following ovulation (ovulation) of Fimbrientrichter recorded egg. After infiltration (impregnation) is the second maturation division with the loss of a Polkörperchens. The two chromosome sets of egg and sperm fuse with one another (conjugation) and is now a viable cell (zygote), which is now within three days under hormonal control in the uterus migrates. During this time the cell to the morula or blastocyst Keimblase, which is approximately on 6 Day after fertilization in the uterus wall taking over. 24 hours after fertilization begins from the cells of the early form of the placenta (placenta) – so-called Synzytiotrophoblasten – the production of the hormone HCG. This stimulates the corpus luteum in the ovary, the distribution of another hormone, progesterone, which the ovaries indicates that for the next time no ovulation’s are necessary – the remains of menstruation. Simultaneously, these hormones for the loosening of the uterine lining to ensure, makes the implantation of the blastocyst easier. The blastocyst is now divided in their outer layer, the Trophy, hence the placenta develops, and the embryo blast from which the embryo arises. The two parts of the connecting tissue is the umbilical cord.

SSW 5-8 (2nd month): installation of the larger institutions

Mother

The body of the mother is now on the pregnancy. This is very often associated with symptoms such as morning sickness, nausea and Schwangerschaftserbrechen, which by the pregnancy hormone HCG trigger. In addition, often-severe fatigue, cravings and mood swing attacks before. From the third week, the sensitivity of the breasts to grow usually accompanied with a feeling of tension. The first amniotic fluid begins to form. The stretching bands of the parent sometimes leads to a pull in the groin area.

Child

When the fetus is formed, the spine, and equipment for head, torso, arms, legs and fingers, toes and facial features. There are now all major organs and organ systems, including the neural tube, from the brain and spinal cord arise. In the 7th SSW attaches the embryo approximately 6-15 mm in the 8th SSW about 25 mm. His heart beats 140 to 150 times a minute.

SSW 9-12 (3rd month): Further differentiation

Mother

The quantity of blood in maternal circulation increases approximately 5 to 6.5 liters for the supply of the fetus to ensure. Due to the large quantity of blood, the heart faster, which reduces physical performance. As a result of hormonal vasodilatation can “broom buds” or varicose veins occur. Occasionally, it is to a blocked nose, nosebleeds or bleeding gums. Estrogens lead to an increased fluid retention in the tissue. The hormone progesterone leads to a relaxation of the muscles. Since this also the closing muscles are affected, is often increased urination noted? This is reinforced by the increased metabolism of mother and child, including through the constant renewal of the amniotic fluid.

Child

From the 8th to 9 SSW is the heartbeat of the embryo in ultrasound demonstrated. There are ears, nose, fingers and toes trained. The buds for the 20 milk teeth are trained. The retina is pigmented. The pair of eyes is far apart the eyes are initially open, the eyelids are formed in the 12th SSW. Large parts of the educational institution until the end of the first third of pregnancy completed. The Fetogenese now replaces the Embryonalperiode. The fetus is at the end of this phase, 6-8 cm tall and weighs 18-25 g.

2. Trimester

In the second section pregnancy usually disappear initial complications such as nausea. Therefore, and because the risk of miscarriage is now much diminished, many women feel this time as very pleasant. The first movements of the fetus are now being felt.

SSW 13-16 (4th month): fetal movements

Mother

The stable phase of pregnancy starts now. The hormone production from the ovary is no longer needed because the placenta is mature so that the pregnancy-sustaining hormones themselves can form. Therefore, the HCG concentration from the 12th SSW less, a morning sickness any better now in the rule. The weight gain, according to a rule of thumbs about 1-1,5 kg per month, or about 250 grams per week. Reddish or brownish stripes pregnancy can be due to the elongation of the connective tissue occur. Frequently, a dark line (linea nigra), which is between the navel and pubic bone is. This hormone-related change in color is usually back after pregnancy. The increased water retention can contribute to swelling of arms and legs or hands and feet lead.

Child

The eyelids close and are now open only three months. The fetus strampelt with arms and legs hands ballt fists and frowned. He performs “Breathe” by pulling together and stretching of the diaphragm and has hiccups. The baby is swallowing amniotic fluid small drink and exercise as swallowing and sucking. Salivary glands, stomach, kidneys and intestines are already working. The amniotic fluid is absorbed directly as urine back into the amniotic fluid is delivered all of which 10-12 hours will be replaced by new production. About the placenta receives nutrients and antibodies, while waste materials are eliminated. The so-called wool or Lanugohaar forms. It is up to the birth almost back again. Towards the end of this month pregnancy develop the genitals. The sex can now be determined using ultrasound. The fetus in the 16th SSW about 15 cm tall and weighs approximately 200 g. the head diameter is about 35 mm.

SSW 17-20 (5th month): child reacts to external stimuli

Mother

The uterus is about the size of a honeydew melon and almost navel height. From 18-20 SSW for pregnant women are usually the first fetal movements as a fine, light tingling feeling. A relatively symptom-free pregnancy section begins. In this period, however, may change in vision, back pain and cramps in the legs may occur.

Child

The fetus now responds to acoustic and visual stimuli from the outside. The baby measured at the end of the month 16-25 cm and weighs about 300-400 g.

SSW 21-24 (6th month): fetal movement’s I.D. clearly noticeable

Mother

Towards the end of the month reached the uterus heel height. The breasts enlarge under the influence of the hormone HCG, estrogen and progesterone. Maybe heartburn by space-and hormone-induced opening of the closing muscles to the stomach.

Child

When the fetus begins to subcutaneous adipose tissue to proliferate. The skin itself is a protective layer of fat (ventilator, even cheese goo) excessive. This allows for easier sliding later in the birth canal. The hair begins to grow and the first ossification of the skeleton show. The skin is still reddish durchschimmernd; finger and foot nails are almost fully developed. The baby is about 26 cm tall and weighs 500 g.

3. Trimester

In the last section of pregnancy the fetus matures and completely out of the mother’s bodies prepares itself for the birth. For women, this section primarily because of the extra weights back unpleasant, especially in summer. Especially now in the intensive medical treatment possible is a survival of the child with a premature birth from this date often possible.

SSW 25-28 (7th month)

Mother

The water storage in the arms and legs may be due to the high demand for fresh exchange of amniotic fluid increase. The expanding uterus puts pressure on the digestive organs and the lungs, which results in shortness of breath, and the risk of hemorrhoids. The increasing weights in the last trimester back and foot pain. The discharge from the breasts (colostrum) can use.

Child

Towards the end of the month, the eyelids open again. The fetus now measures about 35 cm and weighs 1000 g. from about the 25th SSW child has the opportunity, outside of the uterus under high intensive medical expenses to survive. The survival chances in the 25th SSW is about 32%, in the 28th SSW is 79%.

SSW 29-32 (8th month): First Lab When

Mother

Play will take effect only painless contractions (also Senkwehen, Vorwehen, practice or preparation labor contractions) on. The abdomen hardens by rhythmic contraction of the uterus. You may now also be closing muscle weakness and bladder weakness clearly, where appropriate, by the closing kinesitherapeutisches training muscle can be alleviated. The growing uterus displaces further in the other abdominal organs are. Disturbed by the pH of the Vaginalschleimhaut can increase fungal infections or bacterial infections occur.

Child

Except for the lungs are almost fully developed organs. At the end of the month the baby is about 40 cm tall and weighs 2000 g.

SSW 33-36 (9th month): Reduction of child

Mother

The pregnant woman has on average 10-12 kg increased. Towards the end of the 36th SSW is the head of the baby in the small basin, the uterus lowers something down. The respiration of the falls pregnant again so easily. Often, now sleep disorders.

Child

From the 35th SSW lung maturation is completed. Most babies are now born in the correct position with the head down. It may be still up to the 37th SSW Steisslage from a position in the head spin. Movements are the only children still limited. Towards the end of the month the child is about 45 cm tall and weighs 2800 g.

SSW 37-40 (10th month): birth is imminent

Mother

The average weight gain during pregnancy is approximately 10-15 kg. The weight has stagnated for many pregnant women shortly before birth, may even decrease slightly. The frequency of contractions is now.

Child

In recent weeks, the baby is especially on weight. About the placenta takes antibodies from the bloodstream of the mother. The baby measures about 48 cm to 54 cm and weighing 2800 g to 4000 g. the diameter of the head is between 95 mm and 105 mm.

Birth

The pregnancy usually ends with the birth of the child. You can announce the following symptoms:

* Possibly a slightly bloody discharge in consequence of the Schleimpfropfes be solved by the cervix (a few days before birth),
* The rupture (the bursting of the gestational sac),
* Diarrhea or vomiting,
* By inserting the opening contractions (duration about 30-60 seconds, every 10 minutes over a 1-2 hours).

Investigations, treatments and nutrition during pregnancy

Prenatal tests

The goal of prenatal testing (also: prenatal diagnosis) is to diseases of the expectant mother, and diseases or disabilities (eg Down syndrome / tiresome 21) in the adolescent child at an early stage and establish an individual to calculate probability. As a positive diagnosis is often an abortion on medical indication implies (because no treatment can be offered), many studies are controversial. Ethically questionable others, like an unborn life as worth living or unlebenswert can be assessed, particularly statements regarding the safe development of the child post only in relatively few cases are possible. In particular, the non-invasive methods of prenatal diagnosis such as the natal translucency measurement, the first-trimester screening or the triple test, parents can often severely mentally burden. Because they never have a safe outcome, but only probabilities based on statistical averages specify, for example by the age of the mother, the status of the embryo, etc.

Every expectant mother is entitled to care by a midwife or a doctor during pregnancy, at birth and several weeks after birth. Recommended in uncomplicated pregnancy, at first visits in an interval of four weeks after receipt of the pregnancy from the 32nd Week of pregnancy at a distance of two weeks and if the birth date after every two days.

At the beginning of pregnancy are usually the blood found and serological tests for chlamydia, hepatitis B and a determination of rubella titre. When reasonable suspicion (eg, dealing with cats) can also be an existing protection against Toxoplasmosis infection and an HIV test. Besides the determination of laboratory values at every examination appointment body weight, blood pressure and heartbeat of the child checked. In a regular course of the pregnancy are three ultrasonic examinations (in the SSW 13-16, 21-24 and 29-32) and recommended as a standard performance of the health insurance taken. To a possible pregnancy for early detection of diabetes may be towards the end of the 2nd / Beginning of the 3rd Trimester a glucose test. Since the pregnancy the gums may be affected, is a dentist visit between the 17th and 20 SSW recommended. Towards the end of pregnancy, the labor activity with CTG investigations is pursued.

The classification of pregnancy as a risk in pregnancy leads to affects on the standard health insurance benefits, additional benefits, such as more frequent inspections, referrals to appropriate specialists. The use of other diagnostic means, such as amniocentesis, hormone analysis, or where appropriate the instruction is an obstetrical center with intensive medical care. This and the fact that much couples nowadays children until quite late schedule leads to a very high proportion of risk pregnancies. In 1990, over 34 percent of all pregnancies are classified as risk pregnancy. The Bavarian Association speaks for the quality control for the year 2002 from 65 percent in Lower Saxony of about 73 percent. In fact, however, 95 percent of children born in to the world healthy. The following factors lead to the classification of pregnancies at risk (the list is incomplete):

* Age below 18 years old or over 35 years (first-time) or over 40 years (Spätgebärende)
* Multiple
* Vielgebärende, already more than four children are born
* Sterility treatments
* Two or more miscarriages prior to pregnancy
* Complications of previous births
* Rhesus incompatibility
* Location anomalies of the child
* Gestational diabetes, pregnancy hypertension
* Sustained drugs, alcohol, nicotine or other drug use
* Delayed growth or abnormally large child
* Changes in the amniotic fluid content
* Acute general diseases or infections
* Cervical weakness / Cervixinsuffizienz
* Kidney failure or lack of institutions such as a kidney
* Coagulation disorders, such as factor V Leiden mutation
* Diabetes

Ultrasound examinations

The sonography, ultrasound umgangssprachlich, is the practice of prenatal medical examinations, which in recent decades by the spread of ultrasound technology has profoundly changed is. First real-time probes were from 1970, distributed to the application; she was from the 80s. It is an important tool in the context of prenatal diagnosis. Although ultrasound examinations generally considered safe for the unborn child, but are still two companies trends: the massive production of 2 – and 3-dimensional pictures for the family album, but the restriction on medically necessary number of ultrasound examinations (approximately 1 investigation per trimester).

Legal restrictions

In cultures with the societal expectation of women who give birth to sons (various Asian countries such as China, India, Eastern Asia), is often an abortion initiated prenatal examinations once a girl announce. In China, for example – here compounded by the one-child policy – come on 10 newborn girls 12 boys. To late to prevent social (lack of women), is in many countries, prenatal diagnosis allows only limited.

The main objective of medical care is the recognition of potential or existing risks for pregnant women and their children. Such observations, or suspected to be indications in the mother pass. In 1990, 34 percent of all pregnancies are classified as risk pregnancy. The Bavarian Association speaks for the quality control for the year 2002 from 65 percent in Lower Saxony of about 73 percent. In fact, however, 95 percent of children born in to the world healthy. The high number of so-called “risk pregnancies” can; however, among other things, explained by the fact that many couples nowadays children until quite late schedule. Risk pregnant women receive as a consequence of the health insurance through the standard medical benefits, further benefits, such as more frequent inspections, referrals to appropriate specialists. Or where the use of other diagnostic means, such as amniocentesis, hormone analysis, appropriate instruction in an obstetrical center with intensive medical care is possible.

Nutrition

Healthy and balanced diet is important for the development of the unborn child. This includes, as usual, a well-balanced level of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. In addition, there are some special needs during pregnancy:

Folic acid

Folic acid (also called vitamin B9) is especially at the beginning of pregnancy is required. Folic acid is contained in liver, whole grain products, green leafy vegetables, spinach, broccoli, carrots, asparagus, Brussels sprouts, tomatoes, egg yolks and nuts. It is needed to prevent neural tube. To reduce the risk of this severe deformity to minimize is often recommended that folic acid added as a dietary supplement einzunehmen preferably even in children. In several countries, including the U.S., folic acid flour and bakery products artificially added. For related discussion see folic acid.

Calcium and iron

Calcium and iron by the rapidly growing fetus in a High Mass is required. Calcium is in particularly high concentrations in cheese and other dairy products, iron is particularly rich in meat and liver, and pulses and wholemeal bread contain. With the threat of iron deficiency (anemia) can also be taken Eisenpräperate. Since calcium only in the presence of vitamin D is added, and this is formed by sunlight, should be sufficient to stay outdoors respected. Even fatty fish meat (eg, salmon) is a source of vitamin D.

Fluor

Fluoride is not only important to the hardening of tooth enamel, but also for bone growth. Foods with fluoride content are plentiful saltwater fish, black tea and many mineral waters (those with a fluoride content of more than 1.5 milligrams per liter must be labeled with the warning (!) “Fluoride” is). In many regions can be classified as “daily needs” designated quantity of about 1 milligram of fluoride (as fluoride) is not covered by the diet are. The trade is fluoridated salt and fluoridated toothpaste available. In some countries, the drinking water fluoride attached, leading to better teeth lead.

Omega-3-fatty acids

Omega-3-fatty acids are necessary for the formation of neuronal membranes of the body and can not themselves. Especially saltwater fish such as mackerel, sardines, anchovies or tuna provide the long-Omega-3-fatty acids. Particularly large fish like tuna but often also a relatively high proportion of mercury, so that should be balanced.

Toxoplasmosis

A newly infected with Toxoplasmosis can cause serious damage to the hernawachsenden child. Main host for the pathogen is cats and cat-like animals, the preliminary stages of the protozoa in the intestine, and excretes through their feces. In addition, the unicellular organisms on Earth, for example, in the garden, through the food chain using raw eggs and meat (especially in raw meat, for example, Meet and poultry) and milk products transferable. For this reason, the consumption of raw milk products (raw milk, raw milk cheese) and meat nichtgekochtem be waived. This includes raw ham and salami. Vegetables before consumption should be well washed. Toxoplasmoseerreger hazard exists only when a new infections, so it is often at the beginning of pregnancy the blood for antibodies investigated.

Diseases

Untreated severe periodontitis seems to intervention studies (Chile) had the largest single cause of premature birth mindergewichtige to be premature births before the 28th Week, in periodontitis patients ten times more often, and birth weights below 1000 g were exclusively with periodontitis-mothers. By periodontal treatment of pregnant women, the risk of prettier birth back to approximately normal levels can be reduced.

Narcotics and Drugs

So, alcohol consumption and smoking are harmful. According to World Health Organization, two-thirds of all unexpected child deaths do not occur when both parents did not smoke. The risk that the child has an Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHD) aufweist, read in mothers who smoke during pregnancy, at 16.5 percent (or 4.6 per cent). Under the current state of affairs (2004), it can be assumed that “a glass of wine or champagne now and” not harmful, but is certainly not conducive. Pregnant women are therefore discouraged of use of Nicotine and alcohol. Coffee reduces iron uptake, so it should only coffee earlier than one hour after the intake of food consumed.

Certain drugs such as thalidomide, have teratogenic effects, ie, their ingestion may lead to malformations. However, since almost all drugs on the child expectant special effects, you should in any case, consult a specialist.

The consumption of any drugs during pregnancy should be avoided, and the careful withdrawal only under medical supervision are carried out (because of the withdrawal is also an impact on the child and thus can cause a Miscarriage).

Vaccinations

According to current recommendations by the Robert Koch Institute the pregnancy should be safely administered to exclude any risk to the child. Totstoff made are urgently individually indexed. Before pregnancy Totstoff what vaccinations are no reason to postpone pregnancy.

Are contraindicated vaccination with live vaccines (such as against measles, mumps and rubella) from three months prior to and during the entire pregnancy? In the subsequent lactation Vaccinations are generally available without restrictions.

Statistics on the risk of pregnancy

During a pregnancy can lead to disruption or damage, which in the worst case, the life of the Unborn child and mother’s risk. These include, for example, pre-eclampsia and HELLP syndrome.

Maternal mortality

Worldwide each year, the 529,000 women and girls to complications during pregnancy or birth, of which 99 per cent in developing countries (study by UNICEF / WHO). In sub-Saharan Africa died in one of 16 women died as a result of pregnancy or childbirth, as the majority of births without complications, even when medical care is taking place. (In developed countries the risk is 1:2800.)

Pregnancy and AIDS

The HIV virus (AIDS) is not automatically from an infected pregnant woman to her Unborn Child. The probability of transmission during birth is about 15 to 30% if no appropriate medical safeguards may be put. This is especially in heavily affected by AIDS, Africa is often the case. If the mother is an HIV drug, the risk is reduced to below 2 percent. Therefore, every pregnant woman is HIV-antibody test (called the AIDS test) offered.

Miscarriages

In the first three months of pregnancy is the risk to suffer a miscarriage, relatively large. An estimated quarter of all pregnancies end in the first 12 weeks. Only 25% of all fertilized eggs end with the birth of a living child. The vast majority will embed itself in the uterus without the woman noticed. The miscarriage is considered delayed menstruation views. A consciously perceived miscarriage can be a very traumatic experience for a woman. To any disappointments and the social pressure to deal with, it is disseminated to the end of the 12th Week of pregnancy with the official proclamation of the pregnancy to wait.

Other impairments

Before, during or after pregnancy can lead to further deterioration of pregnancy come? See

* Infertility
* Extrauteringravidität (special forms of pregnancy)
* Bruising
* Postpartum mood crises
* Gestosis
* Pre-eclampsia
* Eclampsia

Social aspects of pregnancy

In most cultures, the pregnant woman has a special social status, and is it a special (saving) treatment. At the same time, expectations of them, the great psychological pressure on them, such as sons, as master keeper to give birth (see India, China). In many traditional societies of pregnancy must precede a marriage, otherwise it has the social ostracism of the expectant mother to follow.

The image of a pregnant woman is often referred to as fertility symbol mystical significance. An indication of a fertility cult in Central Europe in prehistoric times, the Venus of Willendorf, 25,000 BC, with its exaggerated female sexual characteristics (large breasts, fat belly).

Unintentional pregnancy

Social, medical or criminal backgrounds pregnancies can appear inadvertently for a woman. A few years ago still criminalized in most Western European countries a pregnancy in the first three months of pregnancy now go unpunished, although some jurisdictions (eg the German and Austrian) the termination of pregnancy in this period but as a criminal offense, even if no sentence. Very strict handling is still in Ireland, Northern Ireland, Malta and Poland. Abortion within the first 14 completed weeks from the last menstrual period (12 weeks from fertilization) takes place, provided with pregnancy conflict counseling preceded. In the case of existing medical necessity (danger to the life of the mother) is an abortion up to birth possible.

Reproductive Medicine

The Reproductive Medicine today offers unintentionally childless couples a number of possible measures: fertility treatment, artificial fertilization (test tube baby), and surrogate motherhood.

Preparing for Birth

Birth Prep

To prepare for the birth may be pregnant with the birth partner for a preparatory visit, a regular weekly appointment or as a weekend course of midwifery practices, childbirth and hospitals is offered. Content of these courses will include setting up a birth plan (choice of place of birth, birth positions), natural pain processing, artificial painkillers and anesthesia techniques, relaxation exercises, psychological and social aspects of family formation, breastfeeding and baby care. Support preparation for birth is the Haptonomie.

Birthplace

Although in industrialized countries, most births take place in hospitals, there are alternatives to a home birth or birth in a birth house. In developing countries, because of the generally poor medical care only one of two births assisted by a doctor or a midwife care (see maternal mortality).

Prenatal contact

From about the 18th Week of pregnancy are movements of the fetus for the pregnant women felt. While a few years ago the prevailing view, the unborn child had no consciousness, we now know through modern medical technology (eg ultrasonography) that the fetus in the womb has a highly developed sense and its external world can perceive (voice of the mother, music, movement).

Demography

The average age of first time increases steadily all around the world.

Legal safeguard of pregnancy

In most European countries there are different legal regulations on protection of mother and child together, such as protection against dismissal. Certain activities like lifting heavy loads or night work may no longer be executed. The maternity leaves (maternity) six weeks before the presumed date of childbirth and extends to eight weeks after birth.

History used to calculate

The indication of ten Mondumläufen is old. There is a very old number saved for the duration of pregnancy, which differs from the Hebrew word for pregnancy derived. Had known when the Greeks and the Hebrews each letter a numerical value. The Hebrews called now and call the pregnancy Heraion. This word has counted Hebrew, the numerical value 271st For Nachrechnen see Hebrew alphabet after. 271 days are almost 10 months. The word itself comes from ancient Greek. On Samos there was a very large temple of Hera, devoted to the so-called Heraion, Greek Ηραιον. There were many women to give birth. Hera herself was responsible for the birth. In ancient Greece, pregnancy and birth was not as a disease. It was not to Asklepios, but to Hera. As Jews in Europe than is often the physician practice, one can assume that here at least since the Hellenistic been an unbroken tradition.

Conversely, promoting a rapid volume increase of the body over-stretching of the connective tissue, leading to fiber cracks and scars in the subcutaneous fat may occur. “Overall, 10-15 kilogram weight gain throughout the pregnancy as normal. The decisive factors are height and weight before pregnancy, the so-called Body Mass Index (BMI). Thus, the tolerable weight gain in a low BMI (BMI <19.8 kilograms / m) at 12.5 to 18kg, with an average BMI (19.8 to 26.0 kg / m²) at 11.5 to 16kg and at a high (BMI> 26 kg / m²) at 7.0 to 11.5 kg.

Besides a healthy diet can also promote blood circulation of the skin, the ability of this strain to support them. By gym, showers and changing Zupf and Knetmassagen, in early pregnancy to begin, women can contribute. However, massages are no guarantee of pregnancy strip spared to stay. Approximately one in three pregnant women must be accompanied by such lesions reckon, but merely a cosmetic problem, “added the doctor.

Stretch marks are first as reddish, more or less wide stripes visible, usually on the abdomen, chest, thighs, tums and emerging. These lines fade after some time, however, continue to remain bright skin. Women, for example, due to a genetic predisposition have weak connective tissue, are particularly affected by stretch marks. Even very large and multiple babies increases the risk.

Consult your wife to your gynecologist about this problem and to nutrition in pregnancy.